Sekuyiminyaka eyishumi kusukela "uMthetho weBelt noMgwaqo" waqala ukubekwa phambili ngonyaka we-2013. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, eChina, njengoMsunguli ongcono kakhulu, nemboni yamaloli, futhi kube nengxenye yalolu hlelo, futhi kube nengxenye yalolu hlelo, nayo ithole ukukhula okusheshayo endleleni yokuhamba emhlabeni jikelele.
"Isinyathelo seBelt ne-Road", okungukuthi ibhande lomnotho lomgwaqo kasilika kanye nomgwaqo wekhulu lama-21 ekuseni. Umzila uhlanganisa amazwe angaphezu kwe-100 nezinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba e-Asia, Africa, eYurophu naseLatin America, futhi unomthelela omkhulu ekuhwebeni komhlaba, ukutshala imali kanye nokushintshaniswa kwamasiko.
Iminyaka eyi-10 iyisisekelo kuphela, futhi manje sekuyiphuzu elisha lokuqala, nokuthi izovulelwa iwindi elingakanani amaloli omkhiqizo wamaShayina ukuba ahambe phesheya kwe- "ibhande kanye nomgwaqo" ukugxila kokunakwa kwethu okuvamile.
Gxila kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo endleleni
Amaloli amathuluzi abalulekile wokwakhiwa kwezomnotho nentuthuko, futhi adlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwinqubo yokuqhakambisa uhlelo "lwebhande kanye nomgwaqo". Ngenkathi amazwe amaningi akhiwe ngokuhlangene "ngebhande kanye nomgwaqo" amabanga asathuthuka, izinga lokuthuthuka lemboni yokukhiqiza izimoto liphansi, futhi amaloli omkhiqizo aseChina anezinzuzo ezinhle ngokuya ngomthamo wokukhiqiza, ukusebenza kwezindleko. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, sekuphenduke imiphumela emihle ngokuthumela ngaphandle kwaphesheya kwezilwandle.
Ngokusho kwemininingwane efanelekile yokuphathwa kwamasiko, ngaphambi kuka-2019, ukuthunyelwa kwamaloli asindayo bekuzinzile ngezimoto ezingaba ngu-80-90,000, kwathi ngo-2020, umthelela walesi sifo ubhubhanehlile kakhulu. Ngo-2021, ukuthekelisa kwamaloli asindayo kwavuka ezimotweni ezingama-140,000, kwanda ngo-79.6% unyaka nonyaka, kwathi ngo-2022, ivolumu yokuthengisa laqhubeka nokukhuphuka izimoto ezingama-190,000, kwanda unyaka nonyaka. Ukuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe okuqokelayo kwamaloli asindayo sekufinyelele amayunithi angama-157,000, kwandiswa ngonyaka ka-111.8% ngonyaka, okulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ezingeni elisha.
Ngokombono wengxenye yemakethe ngo-2022, umthamo wokuthengisa wemakethe yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia afinyelela amayunithi angama-66 500, okuyi-Vietnam, i-Mongolia, iMongolia kanye nabanye abathumela ngaphandle ngaphandle kweChina.
Imakethe yase-African ibalwe kwesibili, ngokuthumela ngaphandle kwezimoto ezingaphezu kuka-50 000, lapho eNigeria, iTanzania, iZambia, iCongo, iNingizimu Afrika kanye nezinye izimakethe ezinkulu.
Yize imakethe yaseYurophu incane kancane uma iqhathaniswa nezimakethe zase-Asia nezase-Afrika, ikhombisa ukuthambekela kokukhula okusheshayo. Ngaphezu kweRussia ethintwe yizici ezikhethekile, inani lamaloli asindayo angeniswe eChina ngamanye ama-Russia futhi akhuphuka amayunithi acishe abe ngu-20,8, kwawo, eBergium, eNetherlands nezinye izimakethe ezinkulu. Lokhu kushiwo ikakhulukazi ukukhushulwa kwe-"The Belt kanye ne-Road" isinyathelo, okuye kwaqinisa ukubambisana kwezomnotho nokuhweba phakathi kwamazwe e-China naseYurophu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-2022, i-China yathumela amaloli anamandla ayi-12,979 eSouth America, ibalwa ngo-61.3% wokuthumela okuphelele emazweni aseMelika, futhi imakethe ikhombisile ukukhula okuzinzile.
Kuthathwe ndawonye, idatha esemqoka yeloli enamandla e-China ibonisa izitayela ezilandelayo: "Isinyathelo seBelt ne-Road" sinikeza amathuba athekelisa amaloli e-China, aqhutshwa ngokufunwa kwamazwe avela emzileni osendleleni, Ngasikhathi sinye, ukukhula okusheshayo kwemakethe yaseYurophu nakho kunikeza amathuba amasha elolini elisindayo laseChina ukwandisa imakethe yamazwe omhlaba.
Esikhathini esizayo, ngokukhuthaza okujulile "kokususelwa" kwebhande kanye nomgwaqo "kanye nokwenza ngcono okuqhubekayo kwemikhiqizo yamaloli esindayo yaseChina, kulindeleke ukuthi amaloli ashubile e-China azoqhubeka nokugcina umkhuba wokukhula.
Ngokwenqubo yokuthumela ngaphandle kweminyaka eyi-10 yamaloli omkhiqizo waseChinese kanye nenqubo yokuthuthuka namathuba okuzayo "okulandelayo" Ukuhlaziywa kwemodi yokusebenza yamaloli aseChina aphesheya:
1. Imodi yokuthumela ngaphandle yemoto: Ngokuthuthuka okujulile kwe- "The Belt ne-Road", Ukuthekelisa Kwezimoto kuzobe kusenye yezindlela eziphambili zokuthumela iloli laseChina. Kodwa-ke, ukucubungula ukwahlukahlukana kanye nobunzima bezimakethe zaphesheya kwezilwandle, amabhizinisi amaloli amaShayina adinga ukuthuthukisa ngokuqhubekayo ikhwalithi nokuvumelana nezimo zemikhiqizo, futhi athuthukise amakhono wenkonzo ngemuva kokuthola izidingo zamazwe ahlukene nezifunda.
2 Ngale ndlela, singazivumelanisa kangcono nemvelo yemakethe yendawo, sithuthukise ukuncintisana kwemakethe, futhi sijabulele nezinzuzo nokusekelwa kwezinqubomgomo zasekhaya.
3. Landela ukuthunyelwa kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu kazwelonke: ngaphansi kokunyuswa kwebhande "nebhande kanye nomgwaqo", inani elikhulu lezinqala zezinqala zengqalasizinda lizotholwa phesheya kwezilwandle. Izinkampani zamaloli zaseChina zingabambisana nalezi zinkampani zokwakha ukulandela iphrojekthi eya olwandle futhi zinikeze ngezinsizakalo zokuhamba ze-Logistics. Lokhu kungafinyelela ukuthekelisa okungaqondile kwamaloli, kodwa futhi nokuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi okuzinzile.
4. Iya phesheya kweziteshi zokuhweba: Ngokujula kokubambisana kwezohwebo phakathi kwamazwe nezifunda kanye "nebhande kanye nomgwaqo", amabhizinisi amaloli aseChiso anganikeza ngezinsizakalo zokubambisana namabhizinisi we-e-commerce. Ngasikhathi sinye, kungakhulisa futhi ukuqwashisa ngomkhiqizo kanye nethonya ngokubamba iqhaza emibukweni yamazwe aphesheya kanye nezinye izindlela zokwenza amathuba amaningi okuya phesheya kwezilwandle.
Ngokuvamile, imodi yokusebenza yamaloli aseChinese aqhubekayo phesheya kwezilwandle ahlukaniswe futhi enziwe ngendawo, futhi amabhizinisi adinga ukukhetha imodi yokuthumela efanele ngokwesimo sangempela necebo lokuthuthuka. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngaphansi kokunyuswa kwebhande "nebhande nemgwaqo", amabhizinisi amaloli amaShayina azothumela amathuba okuthuthuka nezinselelo eziningi, futhi adinga ukuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwawo kanye nezinga laphesheya.
NgoSepthemba kulo nyaka, abaholi baseChina Automobile Troutom Group amaloli ajwayelekile baye baqala uhambo lokufunda emazweni aseMiddle East, bahlose ukujulisa ukubambisana, futhi baqinise ukuhwebelana ngezinsizakalo zokwakha zasemboni ezenziwe endaweni. Lokhu kuhambisa ngokuphelele iqembu lamaloli eliholwa yi-shaanxi Automobile linamathisela ukubaluleka okukhulu futhi okunokuzimisela okuqinile ukuthuthukisa amathuba amasha "emakethe yeBelt naseMgwaqweni.
Ngokwesimo sokuvakasha kwensimu, banokuqonda okujulile kwezidingo kanye nemakethe ye-Middle East, ekhombisa ngokugcwele ukuthi abaholi be-Middle East banamathuba amakhulu okuthuthuka futhi abanzi bamathemba. Ngakho-ke, bahlehla ngenkuthalo, ngokwakha okwenziwa kwasendaweni nezinye izindlela zokuthuthukisa ithonya lomkhiqizo kanye nokuncintisana, embonini yamasosha aseChina eMakethe yaseMiddle East ukujova amandla amasha.
"Ibhande nomgwaqo" lingene enkathini entsha, elizokwanda ukuletha amathuba okuthuthuka okungcono ekuthumeleni kwamaloli, kodwa kufanele futhi sibone ngokucacile ukuthi isimo samanje samazwe asinkimbinkimbi futhi sisephusheni, futhi kusekhona igumbi elikhulu lokuthuthuka komkhiqizo weloli nesevisi yaseChina.
Sikholwa ukuthi ukuze sisebenzise kangcono leli windi entsha yentuthuko, kufanele sinake izici ezilandelayo.
1. Naka izinguquko esimweni samazwe omhlaba: Isimo samanje samazwe omhlaba sigcwele ukungaqiniseki kanye nokuhlukahluka, njengeMpi yaseRussia-Ukraine kanye nokunyuka kwezingxabano emazweni aseMiddle East. Lezi zinguquko zezepolitiki zingaba nomthelela omubi ekuthumeleni kwamaloli amaloli, ngakho-ke amabhizinisi amaloli amasosha aseChinese adinga ukunaka kakhulu ezishintshelweni esimweni samazwe aphesheya futhi alungise amasu okuthekelisa ngendlela efanelekile.
2. Ukuthuthukisa insizakalo nokuthengisa ngasikhathi sinye: Ukuze kugwenywe izifundo ezingezinhle zokuthekelisa kwezithuthuthu zaseVietnam, amabhizinisi amaloli ase-Chinese adinga ukwandisa ukuthengisa ngenkathi egxile ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yesevisi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuqinisa ukulandelwa kwensizakalo ngemuva kokulandela, ukuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe okufika ngesikhathi nangobuchwepheshe kanye nokugcinwa, kanye nokwakha ubudlelwano obusondelene nabathengisi bendawo kanye nama-ejenti ukuthuthukisa idumela lomkhiqizo nokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende.
3 I-Shaanxi Automobile X5000, ngokwesibonelo, ibheka ngokugcwele izidingo zokuhamba zesifunda sase-Urumqi. Amabhizinisi adinga ukuqonda ngokuphelele izici nezidingo zemakethe eqondiwe, ucwaningo oluhlosiwe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokwenza ngcono imikhiqizo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zangempela zemakethe yendawo.
4. Ukusebenzisa kahle i-TIR Road Transportory Transpork kanye ne-Cross-Border Trade lula: Ngaphansi kokunyuswa kabusha kwe- "The Belt kanye Nemgwaqo", TIR ROAD TRAMETS TRICITION KANYE NOKUTHENGA KAKHULU. Amabhizinisi Amaloli E-Chinese ashubile adinga ukusetshenziswa ngokugcwele kwalezi zimo ezithandekayo ukuqinisa ukuhweba ngamazwe angomakhelwane. Ngasikhathi sinye, kuyadingeka futhi ukunaka kakhulu izinguquko ezinhlizweni zezohwebo zomhlaba wonke ukuze ulungise amasu wokuthumela ngaphandle bese ubamba amathuba amaningi ebhizinisi.
UNina uthi:
Ngaphansi kokunyuswa 'kwebhande kanye nomgwaqo' osesikhathini esisha, amazwe asathuthuka ezindleleni enza ngokubambisana ekusebenzeni kwengqalasizinda, ukushintshaniswa komnotho nokuhweba kanye nezinye izinkambu. Lokhu akugcini kuphela kunikeza amathuba amaningi ebhizinisi e-China Truef Truck Exports, kepha futhi kwakha izimo zemiphumela yokuzuza kanye nemiphumela yokuwina kuwo wonke amazwe. Kule nqubo, amabhizinisi amaloli asesindayo ama-Chinese adinga ukuhambisana nesivinini sezikhathi, anwebe ngentshiseko izimakethe zakwa-phesheya, futhi athuthukise ithonya lomkhiqizo. Ngasikhathi sinye, kuyadingeka futhi ukugxila ekususweni nasekuthuthukisweni ukuze uvumelane nezidingo zemakethe zamazwe ahlukene nezifunda.
Emgwaqweni oya phesheya, amabhizinisi amaloli asesindayo amaChinese adinga ukunaka ukuhlanganiswa kanye nentuthuko yemakethe yendawo. Kuyadingeka ukunwebisa ngokubambisana namabhizinisi endawo, kuqinise ukushintshaniswa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, futhi kufinyelele inzuzo ehambisanayo nemiphumela yokuwina. Ngasikhathi sinye, kuyadingeka futhi ukunaka ukugcwaliseka komthwalo wemfanelo wezenhlalo, ukubamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo ekwenziweni kwezenhlalo yangaphakathi, futhi ubuye emphakathini wendawo.
Ngokwesimo "sebhande nomgwaqo", ukuthunyelwa kwamaloli okusindayo kwe-china kubhekene namathuba nezingqinamba ezingakaze zibonwe. Kuphela ngokuhambisana nezikhathi, ukugxila ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni, nasekuqiniseni ukuhlanganiswa kanye nentuthuko nemakethe yendawo singafinyelela intuthuko esimeme futhi sifinyelele empumelelweni enkulu emakethe yomhlaba wonke. Ake sibheke phambili kusasa elingcono lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe aseChina!
Isikhathi Sokuthumela: Oct-12-2023
